3/3/08 scienc paper improvement

Okay so i will now post the first and seond draft of my paper. Please keep in mind that these are not anywhere near my final peices and definatley need improvement.

First draft:

Tempera Paint and Pigments
Pigments are used for coloration in the paint, without pigment there is no color in the actual paint. You may be wondering what a pigment is, right? A pigment is a ground substance of great coloration, which is mixed with a substance such as water to create paint. The use of pigments dates all the ways back about 30,000 years ago in a small cave in France, where a pigment carbon black was found on one of the walls. Carbon black was being used to paint pictures of horses, and the substance used to mix carbon black was spit.
During prehistoric times, the use for Iron Oxide, or red pigment increased. The reason for the sudden demand was that Iron Oxide deposits in the earth, would not fade as easy as animal and vegetable sources. It was discovered by scientists that all the colors used by Paleolithic artists have a foundation of mineral oxide (either iron or manganese) or carbon. Theses artists would have to mix their pigments with animal fat or spit.
Nowadays Pigments are usually mixed with oils and egg yolks. Mostly professional painters now use pigments; this trend did not start until after the Industrial Revolution when paint started becoming commercialized and manufactured in the stores, like tempera paint. The difference in using Pigments rather than store bought paint is the complexity. With pigments, you can add what ever you would like into your paint, and with tempera, there is a standard “recipe”.
The oil based paints do not dry by evaporation like the watercolor paints, instead the oil making contact with the air causes the oil to oxidize and crosslink. Another component on determining how fast the paint dries is which pigment you use. Different color pigments dry at different rates, to speed drying time you would add ochre, to slow it up, you would add charcoal black.
Pigments are very good when it comes to being able to make your own paint to your liking, but some colors of pigments are very harmful, but some are not. For instance, all of the blue shades orf pigments are extremely harmful for inhalation, as well as contact with your skin. All of the black shades of pigments except one are actually very safe. Antimony black, is very harmful if it is ingested, when antimony black has a reaction with stomach acid that causes formation of hydrogen sulfide.
As you have learned many new and interesting things in this article, it shows that there are simple things in this world worth understanding. Remember that pigment is the most important part of paint, without pigment there is going to be no color, and with no color, there will be no interest in art.



Second Draft:
Tempera Paint and Pigments

Pigments are used for coloration in the paint, without pigment there is no color in the actual paint. You may be wondering what a pigment is, right? A pigment is a ground substance of great coloration, which is mixed with a substance such as water to create paint. The use of pigments dates all the ways back about 30,000 years ago in a small cave in France, where a pigment carbon black was found on one of the walls. Carbon black was being used to paint pictures of horses, and the substance used to mix carbon black was spit.
During prehistoric times, the use for iron (III) oxide, or red pigment increased. The reason for the sudden demand was that iron (III) oxide deposits in the earth would not fade as easy as animal and vegetable sources. It was discovered by scientists that all the colors used by Paleolithic artists have a foundation of mineral oxide (either iron or manganese) or carbon. These artists would have to mix their pigments with animal fat or spit in order to create paint.
By the 18th century, red iron oxide pigments were being produced in factories. They named this pigment Mars Red, which had all the properties that were found in its natural counterparts. Towards the middle of the 19th century is when the red iron oxide pigments actually began to sell
Nowadays pigments are usually mixed with oils and/or egg yolks. Every pigment has a solvent, which is usually water, oil, or egg yolk, and a binder Mostly professional painters now use pigments; this trend did not start until after the Industrial Revolution when paint started becoming commercialized and manufactured in the stores, like tempera paint. The difference in using Pigments rather than store bought paint is the complexity. With pigments, you can add what ever you would like into your paint, and with tempera, there is a standard “recipe”. There is one misconception that the paint, which contains egg yolks, would be more of a yellow shade than that of paint, which contains oil because egg yolks are yellow. The truth is that after a while the paint, which contains the oil, is more of a yellow shade because the oil is becoming rotten.
The oil based paints do not dry by evaporation like the tempera paints, instead the oil making contact with the air causes the oil to oxidize and crosslink. So oxidizing is a process in which substances’ electrons are reduced and added to another substance. For instance when iron (ll) turns to iron (lll), it has to oxidize which looks like this: Fe2+à Fe3+ + e-. Another component on determining how fast the paint dries is which pigment you use. Different color pigments dry at different rates, to speed drying time you would add ochre, to slow it up, you would add charcoal black. This is because the certain binder in the pigments has an effect, for instance more oxygen in the binder then that means that it will dry quicker.
Pigments are very good when it comes to being able to make your own paint to your liking, but some colors of pigments are very harmful, but some are not. For instance, all of the blue shades of pigments are extremely harmful for inhalation, as well as contact with your skin. All of the black shades of pigments except one are actually very safe. Antimony black, is very harmful if it is ingested, when antimony black has a reaction with stomach acid that causes formation of hydrogen sulfide.
You may be wondering which is the better paint, oil or tempera, as well as why so many choose one over the other. The reason is, some paint serves different purposes, for instance, if a painter would want more of a natural paint, he would create the paint himself using pigment. If the painter wanted a quick drying paint, he would use egg tempera, because the egg yolk helps the paint to dry much faster than others do. Oil paint would only be used if there were going to be rough surfaces or any other surface than poster or canvas. The main down side to oil paint is that it is a slow-drying paint, so while it may take a day or two to paint, it will take as long to dry.
As you have learned many new and interesting things in this article, it shows that there are simple things in this world worth understanding. Remember that pigment is the most important part of paint, without pigment there is going to be no color, and with no color, there will be no interest in art.

as you have read my two papers, could you please feel free to leave me any comments regarding my work. This is simply to help me create a better final draft to this component of the project. Thank You